keel, mille transitiivse lause agent on markeeritud (nt ergatiiviga), patsient aga markeerimata käändes (absolutiivis) ning intransitiivse lause ainus osaleja on markeerimata käändes, a language in which the single argument ("subject") of an intransitive verb behaves like the object of a transitive verb, and differently from the agent ("subject") of a transitive verb