a double-strand macromolecule consisting of an uninterrupted sequence of rings, with adjacent rings having two or more atoms in common. Alternatively, a ladder macromolecule is a double-strand macromolecule with constitutional unit joined to each other through four atoms, two on one side and two on the other side of each constitutional unit, kaheahelaline makromolekul, mille ahelate korduslülid on kõrvuti asetsevate aatomite kaudu regulaarselt keemiliste sidemetega ühendatud